Ttyjukl

I've kept up to date with the movies from the MCU, but I am grossly out of date with the TV Series, of which I think there is only Agent Carter (not as relevant for the movies I think, besides that scene in Captain America 2), and SHIELD (which from what I've seen seems more relevant, with Inhumans coming in phase 3).

I've gained what I can from this answer. But I can't tell which of the episodes listed are relevant to the movies (clearly, it seems that none are essential), and which movies are relevant to the episodes.

So which episodes are related?

Agents of SHIELD

• Phil Coulson is introduced in Iron Man; he also appears in Iron Man 2, Thor, and:


• 
  The Avengers, where we learn why Grant Ward is so surprised to learn he's alive


• 
  Iron Man 3 introduced us to Extremis; a refinement of Extremis, referred to as Centipede, is the major plot element for the first half of season 1


• 
  Thor introduces Lady Sif, who appears in the season 1 episode "Yes Men" and the season 2 episode "Who You Really Are"¹
  
  
  • Both episodes, as well as the season 1 episode "Berserker", deal with Asgardians and their influence on Earth's pre-history, a concept first explored in Thor
    
  
  
  
  


• The season 1 episode "The Well" opens with the team cleaning up after the climax of Thor: The Dark World
  


• The season 1 episode "Turn, Turn, Turn" sets up the fall of SHIELD, which is rather important to Captain America: The Winter Soldier
  


• The season 2 episode "The Dirty Half Dozen" sets up the opening scene of Age of Ultron, by revealing how the Avengers learned the location of Loki's Scepter²
  


• The season 2 episode "Scars" explains where Nick Fury got the helicarrier for the climax of Age of Ultron, and also references the events of the film


• Although not directly tied to the film, similar concepts to those explored in Civil War have been explored in the show late in season 3, particularly the question of what place powered individuals (particularly Inhumans) have in human society


• A subplot in the season 3 episode "Emancipation" involves General Talbot putting pressure on Coulson to register the Secret Warriors Inhumans after the events of Civil War; the events of that film are also referenced several times


• The Sokovia Accords are mentioned repeatedly in the first few episodes of season 4; the events of Civil War are significant in the reorganization of SHIELD that took place off-screen between seasons 3 and 4


• Though there was no explicit connection, Doctor Strange introduced magic and the idea of multiple dimensions, both important concepts in season 4


• In something very close to an explicit connection, effects similar to the sling ring portals from Doctor Strange have been used in the latter half of season 4; a notable example is in the finale, where Ghost Rider creates one


• 
  

  While not plot-important, the first half of season five owes a great deal of its worldbuilding to the Guardians of the Galaxy series. The Agents of SHIELD showrunners discussed with ScreenRant in a 2017 set visit that they leaned heavily on the aesthetic of those films:

  
  
  

  
  

  Maurissa Tancharoen Whedon: Aesthetically, I think there are there are certain nods to Guardians aesthetic.

  
  
  

  Jed Whedon: I mean it helps to be able to say this scene just look at Guardians. This scene from Guardians, or you know, just we're playing in that same universe so we weren’t totally inventing it. You know, we could there were at least rails there where you could say they've established different colored people, they've established certain things. Certain looks that you can use a touchstone and a jumping off point, so to say.

  
  

  
  
  

  There are also a few explicit references in the season 5 episode "Fun and Games":

  
  
  
  
  
  • Fitz makes a reference to "units", the galactic currency introduced in those films
  
  
  • Senator Ponarian brings a "Xandarian snail" to Kasius' feast; presumably this delicacy hails from the planet Xandar, one of the principal locations of the first film
  
  
  
  


• The season 5 episode "The One Who Will Save Us All" reveals that the events of Infinity War (or, more accurately, the threat of those events) were driving much of the plot of the latter half of season five; the threat of Thanos' invasion is what drove General Hale to negotiate with the Confederacy, in the hope that they would protect Earth

Agent Carter

• 
  Captain America: The First Avenger sets up Peggy Carter (the main character), Howard Stark (recurring character and plot driver), and Dum-Dum Dugan and the Howling Commandos (occasional guest characters)


• Although not plot-important, the Black Widow program is introduced in this series. Natasha Romanoff has flashbacks to her time in this program in Age of Ultron
  

Netflix shows

I'm grouping them together because there are few film references in any of them, and the ones they do have are fairly similar

• The "Battle of New York", the climax of The Avengers, is often referenced. It's most important in season 1 of Daredevil, where the fallout from that battle gives the main villain a foothold


• Though not plot-important, New York's Metro-General Hospital was introduced in Daredevil, and is occasionally visited by characters in the other shows; it is the former workplace of both Claire Temple (recurring character in the Netflix shows) and Doctor Stephen Strange (of Doctor Strange)


• Most of the technology that is used effectively against Luke Cage - the Judas bullets and Diamondback's power suit - are said to have been developed from Hammer Industries technology. Justin Hammer and his company were antagonists of Iron Man 2, and the man himself was last seen in prison in the Marvel One-Shot All Hail the King
  


• In particular, the initial Judas bullets we see bear a striking resemblance to the "Ex-Wife" missile, Hammer's self-described "Rachmaninoff's Third" of weapons tech. Except, of course, the Judas actually works
  


• 
  

  The Judas bullets are also implied to have been made from Chitauri metals found after "The Incident":

  
  
  

  
  

  Shades: The rounds are a composite, invisible to metal detectors. And they incinerate forensic evidence, so they are untraceable.

  
  
  

  Cottonmouth: What kind of metal does that?

  
  
  

  Shades: Nothing from this Earth.

  
  
  

  Cottonmouth: The Incident?

  
  
  

  Shades: That's what I hear.

  
  
  

  ^{Luke Cage Season 1 Episode 5: "Just to Get a Rep"}

  
  

  
  



• Season 2 of Jessica Jones makes a few references to "The Raft", a prison specially-designed to hold powered people. The Raft was introduced in Captain America: Civil War, where it's used to hold the Avengers (and allies) who violate the Sokovia Accords

¹ Thanks to Rogue Jedi for reminding me of Sif's second appearance

² Thanks to aleppke in comments for reminding me of this

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. - episodes that directly relate to the MCU (characters, people mentioned, events referenced). On the assumption you've watched The Avengers:

Coulson dies at the end of the movie.

• Pilot - Avengers


• The Well - Asgard / Thor 2


• The Bridge - Captain America


• The Magical Place - Avengers


• Yes Men - Asgard / Thor, Thor 2


• Turn Turn Turn - Captain America 2


• The Only Light in the Darkness - Avengers


• Nothing Personal - Captain America 2


• Who Are You Really - Asgard / Thor


• Love in the Time of Hydra - Captain America, The Incredible Hulk


• The Dirty Half Dozen - Age of Ultron


• Scars - Age of Ultron


• S.O.S. Part 1 & 2 - Age of Ultron (helicarrier)


• Purpose in the Machine - Age of Ultron

Agent Carter - Every episode mentions or makes reference to Captain America.

• The Iron Ceiling - Black Widow / Age of Ultron

Netflix Daredevil - They only make passing references to the Battle of New York (Avengers).

Jessica Jones - They make passing references to the Battle of New York (Avengers) and those participants, including Captain America, and The Hulk.

It has been revealed by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely (the writers of Captain America: Civil War) that the events of the last episode of Agent Carter Season 1 impact the film. In it, Howard Stark says something along the lines of Steve Rogers was the greatest thing that he ever created, which creates a rivalry between Captain America and Iron Man. The reveal is one various websites if you want to know more.