A large part of the plot of Goblet of Fire hinges on the fact that Voldemort insisted on specifically using Harry for his rebirthing ritual. As he says in the graveyard:

But I knew the one I must use, if I was to rise again, more powerful than I had been when I had fallen. I wanted Harry Potter's blood.

This desire to use Harry caused Voldemort to need to wait an entire additional year to get his body back — a year in which he was entirely dependent on others.

As far as I know there is no limit to how many times you can be "killed" and restored. So theoretically, Voldemort could have restored his body immediately using the blood of any enemy, as Wormtail had suggested. If he still wanted Harry's blood he could continue with the plan for the rest of the year while enjoying the full powers of Voldemort-with-a-body. Then when he kidnaps Harry he could "kill" himself and do another rebirthing process with Harry's blood.

Now I know that Voldemort describes the dying process as very painful:

Aaah... pain beyond pain, my friends; nothing could have prepared me for it.

But he's not really the type to let a bit of pain stop him from having an additional year of being the baddest wizard in town.

I'm also aware of Dumbledore's statement:

He had rendered his soul so unstable that it broke apart when he committed those acts of unspeakable evil, the murder of your parents, the attempted killing of a child.

But Voldemort did not know this, and frankly, he might not even care if bits of his soul get blasted into other people — if anything, he might like it because now other people have to be killed before he can be killed.

So, is there any other negative effect of getting "killed" (i.e. besides for pain and destabilizing your soul) that Voldemort would have been aware of?

Note: I'm not asking why he didn't do this; I'm only asking if he was aware of a negative effect (which of course might have convinced him not to do it).

The Dark Lord said a few more months wait made no difference.

When Wormtail asked the Dark Lord why he wouldn’t use another of his foes’ blood, the Dark Lord said he’d waited thirteen years, so a few more months wouldn’t make any difference.

“I have my reasons for using the boy, as I have already explained to you, and I will use no other. I have waited thirteen years. A few more months will make no difference.”
_{^{- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 1 (The Riddle House)}}

This would also apply to why he wouldn’t feel the need to create a temporary body to use for a few months while waiting to get Harry’s blood - he was willing to wait the extra time.

Voldemort feared and detested death. He wouldn't have contemplated a plan involving his own.

The main barrier to Voldemort accepting - or even contemplating - the plan laid out in the question is his own all-consuming hatred for death. Even if he knew that he had his Horcruxes to rely upon (and he knew that they definitely worked) and even if he knew that the process of being non-corporeal would be only temporary I still can't imagine him willingly embracing death in order to achieve a 'better' body. Using another, lesser wizard to create a temporary body would necessarily involve going through the process of death, spirit form and rebirth all over again. Given the choice of remaining weak and bodyless for a few more months or deliberately accepting his own death (however temporary), Voldemort will choose the former every time.

After all, tolerating death is incompatible with his overall goal of conquering it.

"What I was, even I do not know...I, who have gone further than anybody
along the path that leads to immortality. You know my goal - to conquer death. And now, I was tested, and it appeared that one or more of my experiments had worked..."
_{(Goblet of Fire, Chapter 33, The Death Eaters).}

Furthermore, he regarded death as a shameful weakness.

"I believe that it was then that he dropped the name forever, assumed the identity of Lord Voldemort, and began his investigations into his previously despised mother’s family - the woman whom, you will remember, he had thought could not be a witch if she had succumbed to the shameful human weakness of death."
_{(Half-Blood Prince, Chapter 17, A Sluggish Memory).}

He would certainly have seen the process of death as being beneath him. Having been unfortunate enough to have to suffer the process once (from Voldemort's point of view, down to a regrettable lack of foresight) he would be even more resolved never to experience it again.

Although, the most telling reason of all was probably that, deep down, Voldemort really feared death.

“There is nothing to be feared from a body, Harry, any more than there is anything to be feared from the darkness.
Lord Voldemort, who of course secretly fears both, disagrees. But
once again he reveals his own lack of wisdom. It is the unknown we
fear when we look upon death and darkness, nothing more.”
_{(Half-Blood Prince, Chapter 26, The Cave).}

Again, choosing to go through the 'rebirthing' process again would mean only a temporary flirting with mortality. Nevertheless, the first time the experience was thrust upon him. This time he would have to make the conscious decision to embrace death. Since he has an intrinsic fear of death I believe that this is something that Voldemort would be unable to go through with.

Furthermore, this plan would involve Voldemort relying upon Wormtail, even more than he did in his weakened state. For Wormtail, as his only follower, would presumably have to 'kill' his master in order for Voldemort to reenter his non-corporeal state. This is placing a level of power and control over Voldemort that he would be unwilling to tolerate. Have one of his most pitiful servants capable of having the bragging rights of having killed Lord Voldemort? Again, Voldemort would prefer to remain without a body that accept this position.

These may not be magical reasons not to go through with the process. They are psychological ones. But I'd argue that, for Voldemort, psychological reasons are just as powerful deterrents as anything else for him to pursue such a plan. Accepting death was not a magical problem so much as it was a personal and ideological one. This is the most compelling reason why taking on a temporary body would never have occurred to Voldemort.